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MA:MZ:i-STOP:i-ELOOP:EDLC: Electric Double Layer Capacitor:SOC:減速エネルギを回生:DC-DC:converter>BAT:LOAD:
SI1303p7
Development of Control Technology for “i-ELOOP”
http://www.mazda.co.jp/philosophy/gihou/pdf/2012_No011.pdf
SOC:
以下を示す、１つの目安値として扱われる。
過充電、過放電は電池の寿命に影響を与える。これを最適化する。
減速エネルギを回生
を効果的にするには、短時間の減速エネルギを受け入れやすい状態にする事が大切。
以下のように、２つの蓄電装置の特性を相互に利用しようとする。
3.2 デュアルストレージ制御 (Cycles/Annual)i‐stopi‐ELOOPconventionalCharging and Discharging CyclesDark currentEngine startingetc.i‐stopRegenerativebrakingi‐stopStudy assumption：Driver drives an hour each dayRegenerativebraking
キャパシタは大電力を高効率に充電することができるが容量は限られるため，満杯になり減速エネルギを充電できない場合がある。一方，鉛バッテリは，大きな容量を有しているが充放電の効率が低いため，充放電によってエネルギ損失が大きくなる。そのため，キャパシタと鉛バッテリの異なる特性を活かし，2つの蓄電装置を最大限活用するデュアルストレージ制御を行っている（Fig.7）。
推定とそれに基づく備えをシステムとして対応しようとしている。
参考文献
(1) 吉田ほか：新型デミオ向けバッテリマネジメントシステムの紹介，マツダ技報No29，pp.14-19（2011）
http://www.mazda.co.jp/philosophy/gihou/pdf/2011_No004.pdf
(2) 久米ほか：次世代バッテリマネジメント技術の開発，マツダ技報No.28，pp.54-58（2010）
http://www.mazda.co.jp/philosophy/gihou/pdf/2012_No011.pdf
(3) 西里ほか：バッテリマネジメントによる燃費改善，マツダ技報No.25，pp.152-156（2007）
(4) 猿渡ほか：マツダ i-STOP（アイ・ストップ）， マツダ技報No.27，pp.9-14（2009）
http://ja.scribd.com/doc/123927119/Mazda-i-eloop
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コメント（55）
DC-DC converter
When the generator produces the maximum voltage (25V), it is reduced to 12V with DC-DC
converter so that applicable voltage can be supplied to electrical devices.
[During regeneration]
14-25V voltage stored in the capacitor is converted through DC-DC converter.
2013/3/9(土) 午後 11:58
Service Information
Category
G
Technical
Ref. No.
E001/13
Page
1 of 9
Coverage
Distributor only Please inform your dealers
Date Issued
February 1, 2013
Please convey this information to your Director General Manager
Warranty Dept. Parts Dept. Training Dept. Field Rep.
Date Revised
Applicable Model
Applicable Countries or Specifications
Mazda6 (GJ) with i-ELOOP Worldwide
Subject: Basic knowledge on i-ELOOP
2013/3/10(日) 午前 6:40
DESCRIPTION
This is to inform you of the basic knowledge and maintenance on newly-adopted i-ELOOP
system.
1. Summary
For the purpose of fuel economy improvement, electricity is generated using kinetic energy
during deceleration to recover it as electrical energy which reduces amount of fuel that is used
for electric supply.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 6:42
The Mazda-unique regenerative braking system enables us to store, extract and use huge
amount of energy during deceleration instantly by using a capacitor. Through efficient energy
regeneration, storage, and usage, fuel economy improvement is expected during actual driving.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 6:42
[Reference]
Typically, engine consumes 5-15% fuel for electrical generation. Deceleration regeneration
system uses kinetic energy that has been emitted in vain during deceleration and generates
electricity without consuming fuel to contribute to fuel economy improvement.
2. Structure
(1) Structural view
E001/13
Page 2 of 9
(2) System wiring diagram
2013/3/10(日) 午前 6:44
*1: Audio amplifier, Bluetooth unit (vehicle with Bluetooth system), audio unit, climate control
unit (vehicle with auto A/C), parking sensor control module (vehicle with parking sensor
system), instrument cluster, rear mount camera, clock (vehicle with manual A/C)
*2: Electrical devices other than electrical device *1
*3: SKYACTIV-G 2.0, SKYACTIV-G 2.5
*4: SKYACTIV-D 2.2
2013/3/10(日) 午前 6:45
E001/13
Page 3 of 9
: Anions
: Cations
Charge
Discharge
Electrical double layer
Electrolyte
Separator
Electrode
(Activated
carbon)
Principle of the capacitor
Collective
electrode
Negative
electrode
Positive
electrode
The electrical double layer capacitor is a system in which electric
charge is stored performing ionic adsorption and desorption in
electrolyte to electrode.
(3) Detail of components
Generator
2013/3/10(日) 午前 6:46
It is a variable-voltage generator that can generate a voltage of 12-25V during deceleration to
charge the capacitor. At normal operation 12 V are generated.
PCM is monitoring the capacitor voltage and electricity is generated when PCM concludes
that capacitor voltage decreases.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 6:47
Capacitor
10 electrical accumulators (electrical double-layer capacitor) that can charge/discharge high
current instantly are connected in series. 25V charge can be physically stored.
As ion molecules store electric charge, degradation due to charge/discharge is few.
It can endure about 1 million times of rapid charge/discharge cycles.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 6:49
Principle of the capacitor
Collective
electrode
Negative
electrode
Positive
electrode
The electrical double layer capacitor is a system in which electric
charge is stored performing ionic adsorption and desorption in
electrolyte to electrode.
Charge
Discharge
Electrical double layer
Electrolyte
Separator
Electrode
(Activated
carbon)
2013/3/10(日) 午前 6:51
DC-DC converter
When the generator produces the maximum voltage (25V), it is reduced to 12V with DC-DC
converter so that applicable voltage can be supplied to electrical devices.
[During regeneration]
14-25V voltage stored in the capacitor is converted through DC-DC converter.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 6:52
[During i-stop]
During i-stop, capacitor voltage is converted to 11.5 to 12.5V by DC-DC converter.
When restarting the engine, i-stop relay is turned off to retain source voltage of meter/audio
systems that lie downstream of DC-DC converter.
Power source for other electrical devices such as starter is supplied from the battery.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 6:52
[If consumption current is 50A or more]
If consumption current of vehicle electrical devices exceeds 50A or
more, bypass relay is turned on to supply voltage generated by
generator (14.8V) to those electrical devices directly.
In this case, movement of i-ELOOP gauge on the combination meter
becomes slow, but this is not a failure.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 6:53
E001/13
Page 4 of 9
3. Operation
The i-ELOOP operation mode varies depending on the vehicle driving condition and status of
electrical devices related to i-ELOOP system.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 6:54
When the driver lifts his/her foot off the accelerator pedal, variable voltage-type generator
generates electricity to store it in the capacitor. It takes only a few seconds to charge the
capacitor to the full. Voltage of electricity stored in the capacitor is reduced to 12V with DC/DC
converter for power supply to various electric devices.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 6:55
The following are examples of the i-ELOOP operation in each mode.
E001/13
Page 5 of 9
(1) Regenerative braking mode
During fuel-cut by release of accelerator
pedal and TCC (Torque Converter Clutch)
engagement, generator is activated to store
electricity to the capacitor. Voltage stored in
the capacitor is reduced at DC-DC converter
to for power-supply to each vehicle part.
To prevent deceleration electricity from
increasing due to power generation, such
power generation is contro
2013/3/10(日) 午前 6:56
(2) Conventional power generation mode (no
regenerative braking)
When battery voltage becomes 14V or less
while engine running, generator is activated
to store 12 to 25V electricity to the capacitor.
Voltage stored in the capacitor is reduced
with DC-DC converter for power-supply to
each vehicle electrical device.
Generator
’s output is lower than that of
regenerative power generation mode.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 6:57
(3) Capacitor (i-ELOOP) power supply mode
If capacitor voltage exceeds battery voltage,
voltage stored in the capacitor is reduced
with DC-DC converter for applicable
power-supply to each electrical device (IG1,
IG2 power source) on the vehicle.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 6:57
(4) Battery power supply mode
In case capacitor voltage falls below the
capacitor’s designed minimum voltage
(14-17.5V *It varies depending on the
capacitor’s degradation condition) during
i-stop operation, or in case of cranking,
electrical power is supplied from the battery
to each electrical device on the vehicle.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:17
(5) i-stop mode (Engine restart)
The i-stop relay in DC-DC converter is shut
off during engine restart to avoid supply of
electrical power from the capacitor to the
battery, as battery voltage has been reduced
due to cranking.
Electrical power source is split into battery
and capacitor to ensure electrical power is
supplied to meter/audio system etc.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:18
E001/13
Page 6 of 9
(6) By-pass mode
When vehicle electrical load (consumption
current) exceeds 50A or more, bypass relay
within DC-DC converter is turned on for
supplying electricity generated by generator
to vehicle electrical devices directly.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:19
Also, in case DC-
DC converter’s
voltage
reduction circuit is failed, or in case it is
anticipated that battery voltage cannot
guarantee minimum 11V, it is switched to
bypass mode.
[Reference]
During the bypass mode, verification is not possible using the instrument cluster indication.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:19
(7) Pre-charge mode
If the vehicle is left for a long time without
running the engine or if self-discharge of
capacitor such as excessive dark current is
continued, capacitor’s voltage decreases.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:21
In
such case, electrical power is supplied from
the battery or the generator to the capacitor
due to the following reasons.
1) To secure generator
’s initial excitation
current that is supplied from the capacitor.
2) In order to supply electrical power source from the capacitor
, capacitor’s electric potential
needs to be higher than that of battery.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:21
Operation is different depending on the condition.
Capacitor voltage
Ignition switch: ON
OFF
(Engine ON or OFF)
Ignition switch: ON
(Engine ON or OFF)
Instrument cluster display
3.5V or less
(Due to ensuring
initial exciting
voltage of the
generator.)
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:23
The capacitor is charged
up to 3.5V from the battery
by control of the DC-DC
converter.
The capacitor is
charged up to 4.5V
from the battery by
control of the PCM.
Applicable
(A message is displayed
when the voltage of the
capacitor is 9.5V or less
and the engine is started.)
(A message won
’
t be
displayed when the
DC-DC converter supplies
the voltage.)
3.5V
–
9.5V
(Due to outputting
the current from
DC-DC converter.)
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:24
The capacitor isn
’
t charged from the battery.
(Because the generator can be operating when
the engine on.)
9.5V or more Not applicable
It stops when capacitor voltage is increased with electric voltage delivered from DC-DC
converter.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:24
(8) Capacitor (i-ELOOP) power generation mode
When capacitor voltage exceeds 20V or more
(16V or more if battery output is decreased)
with engine switch OFF + bonnet closed,
extra voltage owned by the capacitor is
charged to the battery.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:25
E001/13
Page 7 of 9
NOTE:
Message might
be different.
4. Instrument cluster display
PCM sends a signal to the combination meter in terms of Regenerative power generation
condition through i-ELOOP /Output of regenerative power generation/ Capacitor storage. Then,
information related to i-ELOOP is indicated on the liquid crystal screen.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:26
1
Regenerative braking power
generation condition gauge
Displays the direction in which power is moving
from the regenerative braking power generation.
2
Regenerative braking power
generation amount gauge
Displays the amount of power generated by
regenerative braking.
3
Capacitor accumulation
amount gauge
Displays the amount of electrical power stored in
the capacitor.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:28
To indicate capacitor storage, amount of electric energy stored in the capacitor is calculated
based on DC-DC converter input terminal voltage and electric current sensor within DC-DC
converter etc.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:28
5. i-stop operating condition
Different or additional i-stop operating conditions compared to other models due to i-ELOOP
installation are as follows.
DC-DC converter (i-ELOOP) PWR3
output current
25 A or less
i-ELOOP bypass mode operational
condition
Not DC-DC converter overheats condition.
（
If it’s overheat condition, bypass mode is activated.
）
Capacitor voltage
Capacitor voltage has to be more than the
capacitor’s designed minimum voltage(14
～
17.5V).
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:30
6.
In case vehicle isn’t driven for a long time (about 1 month) and in case of capacitor
replacement
In case capacitor self-discharge is continued (vehicle left for a long time without running the
engine)/dark current is excessive, voltage stored in the capacitor decreases. In order to supply
electrical power from the capacitor, capacitor’s elect
ric charge needs to be higher than that of
the battery. Therefore, pre-charge mode starts to charge the capacitor as described the above.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:31
During pre-charge mode, the message shown on liquid crystal screen in
the meter is changed as shown on the right.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:32
It takes several to 30 seconds to complete charging. During charging (until
the message on screen disappears), electric power is supplied only from
the battery. Then, you may feel the electric power steering operation is
heavy depending on the battery condit
ion.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:33
That’s why we recommend
users not to drive the vehicle during charging period. If you drive the
vehicle, you will hear warning tone. Also, if message on the liquid screen
isn’t turned off regardless of waiting 3 minutes or more, it
indicates a
system malfunction, which will turn the master warning lamp on.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:33
When pre-charge mode is activated, you can see the mileage as of pre-charge occurrence by
monitoring PCM data
“
PRE_CHG_DIS
”
with M-MDS.
When capacitor is replaced, pre-charge mode is activated because voltage in the capacitor is
low.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:34
E001/13
Page 8 of 9
(1)
(2)
(3)
Bolt
Service plug
(1) Remove the bolt
(2) Pull out the service plug
(3) Fasten the removed bolt
Fix the service plug with
vinyl tape attached.
If you use the vehicle as demonstration car, be sure to charge the battery regularly as usual.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:36
Capacitor is charged only through supply from the generator. If you want to prevent the vehicle
from going into the pre-charge mode, start the engine once per two weeks and push the
accelerator pedal several times to charge the capacitor.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:36
7. How to fix dead battery
If the battery is completely discharged due to lights not being turned off mistakenly and you
jump-start the engine with the booster cables, make sure the cables are connected for 3 minutes
approximately even after engine starts, in order to wait until the battery voltage is raised. If you
start the engine, remove the booster cables and drive the car immediately while battery voltage
is still low, DTC showing voltage decrease is stored.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:37
キャパシタ廃棄などの注意事項は
SI1303p5~,9~を参照ください。
ここでは交換などの作業についての言及はない。
作動モードが細分化されているようで、各デバイスの状態を
安全に点検する手法が大切となる。 できればCANラインから
間接的に状態を把握することが安全なのだろう。
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:44
8. Things to keep in mind during maintenance work
If terminals of the following i-ELOOP related parts hit the vehicle body with the capacitor service
plug installed, it may cause fire or failure of electrical parts. When you separate the following
terminals, be sure to remove the capacitor’s service plug before the separation.
- Capacitor
’
s battery cable terminal
- Capacitor
’
s engine harness terminal
- DC-DC converter
’
s battery cable terminal
- Generator B terminal
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:46
Bolt
Service plug
(1) Remove the bolt
(2) Pull out the service plug
(3) Fasten the removed bolt
When you cause short circuit by mistake, replace the fuse on top of the service plug because
such fuse is melted.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:47
9. Things to keep in mind when storing/transporting capacitor
- If the capacitor is stored as a part (new part, replacement part for claim), please follow the
precautions described on the packaging box. If it’s stored in laterally
-facing or
downward-facing directions, electrolyte solution in the capacitor may flow into pressure
regulation valve, which may cause valve seizure.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:48
- Avoid agitation of parts
If part is dropped and seems to have breakage or deformation on the surface, replace it.
- Service parts are delivered with short wiring harness attached to prevent electrification.
Remove the short wiring harness after the part is installed
on the vehicle.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:49
- If it is kept and sent as warranty claim parts, remove the
service plug, fix it with the removed bolt, fasten the area
around bolt with vinyl tape etc., and store it in the original
packaging., because the installation bolt may be removed
during transportation, which may make the service plug to
go back to the original position.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:50
- Capacitor that is stocked as repair part must be used
within 2 years after production date.
Production date is indicated on the outer case of the repair
part.
Fix the service plug with
vinyl tape attached.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:51
E001/13
Page 9 of 9
Discharge box
Discharge
box cover
Plug
Connector
Plug
Connector
LED
LED
illuminates
10. Capacitor disposal
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:53
Capacitor reserves electric charge as the battery does.
If the vehicle or the part is discarded (disassembled) while the capacitor (i-ELOOP) is still
charged with electricity, spark or fire may occur due to electricity stored in the capacitor. When
you dispose the vehicle or the part, be sure to conduct the forcible discharge of the capacitor as
follows before disposal.
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:53
(1) Remove the discharge box cover.
(2) Connect the connector in the discharge box to the plug.
(3) Verify that the LED which displays during discharging is displayed.
(4) Verify that the LED turns off.
(5) Dispose the capacitor.
http://ja.scribd.com/doc/123927119/Mazda-i-eloop
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:55
Mitsunori Tokunaga
Manager, Technical Information Gr.
Technical Service Dept.
Mazda Motor Corporation
http://ja.scribd.com/doc/123927119/Mazda-i-eloop
2013/3/10(日) 午前 7:56
12V~14.8Vに制御された電力が理想的には車両電装品に供給されるようになっている。
発電機は最大25Vで、キャパシタへ瞬時に送る。
DC-DCで変換した12V~14.8Vが、車両電装品、batteryに供給される。
キャパシタでの取り扱い注意
ショートでのスパーク（可燃物への引火）、温度上昇（火傷）、感電
2013/3/10(日) 午前 8:14
オルタネータ
発電指示信号
実発電信号
IG1
GND
キャパシタ発電／オルタネータ初期励磁電流
ここでの、キャパシタの容量などまだ目にしてない。
2013/3/10(日) 午前 8:25
10秒チャージで電装品を1分動かす、アテンザ搭載の「i-ELOOP」
マツダが新型「アテンザ」に標準搭載した減速エネルギー回生システム「i-ELOOP」。減速エネルギーを電力に変換して、キャパシタを7～10秒で満充電にする。
http://image.itmedia.co.jp/l/im/style/articles/1211/26/l_do_maz121126_04.jpg
http://bizmakoto.jp/style/articles/1211/26/news077.html
2013/3/10(日) 午前 8:38
i-ELOOPの動作イメージ。上の図はアクセルをオフした場合で、下の図はアクセルをオンした場合である（出典：マツダ
http://image.itmedia.co.jp/l/im/style/articles/1211/26/l_do_maz121126_06.jpg
2013/3/10(日) 午前 8:41